Rationale: Exogenous cortisol is a modulator of behavior related to increased motivated decision making (Putman et al., ), where risky choices yield potentially big reward. Making risk based judgments has been shown to be important to athletes in optimizing pacing during endurance events (Renfree et al.,; Micklewright et al., ). Objectives: Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine the effect of 50 mg exogenous cortisol on neurophysiological responses and risk taking behavior in nine healthy men. Further to this, to examine the effect of exogenous cortisol on exercise performance. Methods: Using a double blind counterbalanced design, cyclists completed a placebo (PLA), and a cortisol (COR) trial (50 mg cortisol), with drug ingestion at 0 min. Each trial consisted of a rest period from 0 to 60 min, followed by a risk taking behavior task, a 30 min time trial (TT) with 5 × 30 s sprints at the following time intervals; 5, 11, 17, 23, and 29 min. Salivary cortisol (SaCOR), Electroencephalography (EEG) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs) were measured at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min post-ingestion.

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Glucose and lactate samples were taken at 0 and 60 min post-ingestion. During exercise, power output (PO), heart rate (HR), EEG, and NIRS were measured. SaCOR was measured 10 min post-exercise. Results: Cortisol increased risk taking behavior from baseline testing. This was in line with significant neurophysiological changes at rest and during exercise. At rest, SaCOR levels were higher ( P.

Subjects and ethical approval Eleven, healthy, trained, male cyclists from local cycling and triathlon clubs were recruited for this study. Participants were required to have been training for at least 2 years and to be currently training for a minimum of 2 h a week. Each participant was paid a small amount on completion of the study, as an incentive to participate. Their mean ± SD age, height, weight, V ˙ O 2 max and maximal aerobic peak power were, respectively; 39.6 ± 10.4 years, 183.7 ± 8.2 cm, 83.6 ± 14.0 kg, 4.4 ± 0.6 l min −1, 397.1 ± 36.3 W. 3d Banyan Tree Model Free Download.

After being informed of the risks associated with the experiment each participant signed a letter of informed consent. Subjects were cleared by a physician for any contraindications of consuming 50 mg of cortisol as defined by the medical practitioner; which included neurological diseases as well as dysfunction of the adrenal glands.

Fiskars Telescoping Pruning Stik Manual Dexterity. The study was approved by the Charles Sturt University Research and Ethics Committee and conformed to standards set by the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. Procedure Participants attended the laboratory on three different occasions; baseline and two intervention trial visits. At each intervention trial, participants were given either 50 mg of cortisol (COR) or a placebo (PLA). The experimental design was double blinded, randomized and counterbalanced. All test sessions were scheduled to take place between 1300 and 2000 h to reduce diurnal variations of the cortisol response (Putman et al., ) and at a time when hormone levels are relatively stable (Henckens et al., ). Each participant was tested at the same time of day for all visits. Prior to each visit subjects were asked to refrain from any exercise for at least 24 h prior to testing and to undertake only easy training from 36 h prior to each visit.

All participants maintained a regular diet during the study period and were asked to refrain from alcohol ingestion for at least 24 h prior to testing and caffeine 6 h prior. Participants were required to not consume any food or drink with the exception of water from 1.5 h prior to arriving at the laboratory.

Prior to each visit subjects were provided with a food diary to complete which ensured that meals were consumed at the same time of day to avoid interaction with diurnal changes in cortisol and food intake (Follenius et al., ). This also served to ensure that macronutrient intake was kept the same to maintain high levels of muscle glycogen for exercise performance. Baseline and initial screening As part of an initial screening process, participants collected salivary cortisol measures on the morning of their baseline test to determine cortisol awakening response (CAR). Samples were collected on awakening, and at 30, 45, and 60 min post-wakening. Samples were collected by placing oral swabs under the front of the tongue for 2 min before being placed into salivette tubes (Salimetrics, State College, PA, USA) and refrigerated.